Recent Approaches to the Total Synthesis of Phytoprostanes, Isoprostanes and Neuroprostanes as Important Products of Lipid Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers of Disease

Abstract

Isoprostanes (IsoP) are important biologically active metabolites of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in mammals and humans. IsoPs are becoming the gold-standard biomarkers for monitoring oxidative stress. Their in-vivo detected amounts can be correlated with a number of diseases. Similarly, phytoprostanes derived from α-linolenic acid and neuroprostanes from docosahexaenoic acid are other tools for the determination of oxidative stress in plants and the human brain, respectively. To further develop the field, it becomes more and more important to develop total syntheses of these metabolites since this is the only way of obtaining reasonable amounts of pure compounds to study their biological effects and to quantify lipid oxidative stress. In this review, new synthetic strategies, developed in 2008–2013 are summarized, showing the significant advancement in the field.